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Ideology
Institutional Legacy
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All Authors
Booker T. Washington
Marcus Garvey
W.E.B. Du Bois
Black Nationalism
Advocated for the empowerment and self-determination of Black people worldwide, emphasizing racial pride and unity.
Ideology
Marcus Garvey
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
Founded the UNIA to promote global Black solidarity, economic independence, and the establishment of a Black nation.
Organizational Legacy
Marcus Garvey
Back-to-Africa Movement
Encouraged the return of the African diaspora to Africa to build a self-sufficient Black nation.
Repatriation and Pan-Africanism
Marcus Garvey
Economic Self-Reliance
Promoted Black-owned businesses and economic independence as a means to achieve racial equality.
Economic Philosophy
Marcus Garvey
Black Star Line
Established a shipping company to facilitate trade and transportation among Black communities worldwide.
Economic Empowerment
Marcus Garvey
Racial Pride and Identity
Emphasized the importance of embracing African heritage and rejecting Eurocentric standards of beauty and culture.
Cultural Advocacy
Marcus Garvey
Critique of Integration
Opposed integrationist approaches, arguing that Black people should build their own institutions and communities.
Political Strategy
Marcus Garvey
Global Black Solidarity
Advocated for unity among people of African descent worldwide to combat colonialism and racism.
Global Advocacy
Marcus Garvey
Negro World Newspaper
Published this newspaper to spread his ideas and mobilize Black communities globally.
Media and Communication
Marcus Garvey
Emphasis on Self-Defense
Encouraged Black people to defend themselves against racial violence and oppression.
Social and Political Vision
Marcus Garvey
The Talented Tenth
Advocated for the higher education of the most talented 10% of Black Americans to lead the race toward progress.
Educational Philosophy
W.E.B. Du Bois
Immediate Civil Rights Advocacy
Demanded immediate political and social equality for Black Americans, rejecting gradualism.
Civil Rights Strategy
W.E.B. Du Bois
Niagara Movement
Co-founded this movement to fight for civil rights and oppose Booker T. Washington's accommodationist policies.
Activism and Advocacy
W.E.B. Du Bois
NAACP Founding
Played a key role in founding the NAACP to fight for racial justice and equality through legal and political means.
Institutional Legacy
W.E.B. Du Bois
Economic Justice and Labor Rights
Supported labor unions and economic policies that addressed racial and class inequalities.
Economic Policy
W.E.B. Du Bois
Critique of Capitalism
Criticized capitalism for perpetuating racial and economic exploitation, advocating for systemic change.
Economic Philosophy
W.E.B. Du Bois
Pan-Africanism
Promoted global solidarity among people of African descent to combat colonialism and racism.
Global Advocacy
W.E.B. Du Bois
The Souls of Black Folk
Authored this seminal work highlighting the duality of Black identity and the struggle for equality in America.
Literary Contribution
W.E.B. Du Bois
Higher Education Advocacy
Emphasized the importance of liberal arts education and intellectual development for Black Americans.
Educational Strategy
W.E.B. Du Bois
Intersection of Race and Class
Argued that racial inequality could not be addressed without also addressing economic inequality.
Social and Economic Vision
W.E.B. Du Bois
Economic Self-Sufficiency and Vocational Education for Black Americans
Advocated vocational training and economic independence as a pathway to racial equality.
Economic Philosophy
Booker T. Washington
Focus on Practical Skills
Promoted vocational education in trades like agriculture, carpentry, and mechanics.
Education Strategy
Booker T. Washington
Tuskegee Institute
Founded Tuskegee to provide vocational and industrial education for Black Americans.
Institutional Legacy
Booker T. Washington
Gradual Approach to Civil Rights
Believed economic progress should precede demands for political and social equality.
Civil Rights Strategy
Booker T. Washington
Entrepreneurship and Black-Owned Businesses
Encouraged Black Americans to start businesses and build wealth within their communities.
Economic Empowerment
Booker T. Washington
Agricultural Development
Emphasized agriculture as a key area for economic advancement in the South.
Economic Development
Booker T. Washington
Industrial Education
Supported training for Black Americans to work in emerging industries.
Workforce Development
Booker T. Washington
Alliances with White Philanthropists
Sought funding and support from white leaders to advance Black economic initiatives.
Strategic Partnerships
Booker T. Washington
Self-Help and Hard Work
Stressed the importance of self-reliance and proving worth through economic success.
Personal Development
Booker T. Washington
Economic Progress as a Path to Equality
Believed economic stability would lead to greater social and political acceptance.
Social and Economic Vision
Booker T. Washington
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